常年期第廿三主日 2011年09月04日


常年期第廿三主日

責善與諫諍之道

讀經一:(厄33:7-9):要警告別人的錯誤行徑
讀經二:(羅13:8-10):愛是法律的滿全
福 音:(瑪18:15-20):兄弟規勸之道
中國文化: 故當不義,則子不可以不諍於父,臣不可以不諍於君,故當不義則諍之;從父之令,又焉得為孝乎! 責善,朋友之道。


如果你的弟兄得罪了你,你要趁你和他獨處時,糾正他。如果他聽從你,你便賺得了你的弟兄。」(瑪18:15)

兄弟的規勸之道,要注意的是找尋適當的時機、適當的場合,坦誠地、謙虛地向他講出你的心裡話。聖經說的「獨處時」,就是說不可在大庭廣眾中,讓他丟臉。

厄則克耳先知也說:「上主說:人子,我現在立你做以色列家的警衛;你聽了我所說的話,要代我警告他們。當我告訴惡人說:『惡人,你必會喪亡!』你若不發言,警告惡人離開他的邪道,那惡人必因自己的罪而喪亡,但是我要向你追討他的血債。你若警告惡人,叫他離開他的邪道,而他不肯改邪歸正,他必因自己的罪而喪亡,而你卻救了自己。」(則33:7-9)

我們要負責我們兄弟姊妹的得救。如果我們不作聲,不去警告,那他的喪亡,我們是要負責的。我們再不能夠好像加音對天主說:「難道我是我兄弟的看守者?」

不錯,我們都是我們兄弟的看守者,這是愛德的任務。保祿宗徒在羅馬人書這樣說:「弟兄們,除了彼此相愛外,不應對人有任何虧欠,因為誰愛別人,誰就履行了法律。其實『不可姦淫,不可殺人,不可偷盜,不可貪婪』等誡命,都包括在『愛你的近人如同你自己』這句話裡。愛不作損害別人的事,所以,愛滿全了法律。」(羅13:8-10)

在這段聖經裡,我們也很清楚看到天主教信仰,已漸漸由只著重神,轉到也著重人。

在聖經啟示的發展過程中,首先強調的是愛天主。但當人問耶穌哪一條是第一條誡命時,耶穌就已經將人和神並列:「愛天主在萬有之上、愛人如己」。人問他一條法律,他答了兩條。在耶穌心中,這兩條法律原本就是一條法律;或者說,這兩條法律,只是一條法律的兩面。

到了保祿宗徒的時代,他甚至只講一句話,即所有誡命都包含在一條誡命裡:「愛你的近人如同你自己」,而互相規勸,正是愛的一種形式。

孔子說:「責善,朋友之道」。這句話尤其值得我們中國人思考,因為中國文化特別強調含蓄,講話比較喜歡轉彎抹角。當我們要拒絕別人時,我們不會立刻拒絕,我們會講一大堆理由,使人意會到我們在拒絕。

「責善」是更加尷尬的一回事,我們很難開口說出別人的錯處。但聖經和中國文化都叫我們責善,「要趁你和他獨處的時候」,選一個適合的情況和環境,去矯正他。

其實在中國文化裡,不只朋友要互相責善,甚至子女對父母也要責善。在《孝經》裡,曾子問孔子:「老師,我想問一個問題:子女聽從父母的命令,是不是就叫做孝呢?」

孔子的答覆是:「是何言予!是何言予!」你在講些甚麼呢?以往「天子有諍臣七人,雖無道不失其天下」,即是說,以前做王帝,如果有七個肯諫他的臣子,他雖無道,仍不會失天下。「諸侯有諍臣五人,雖無道不失其國」,諸侯如果有五個諫他的人,雖然做得不好,也不會亡國。「父有諍子,則身不陷於不義」,如果做父親的,有一個能諫他的兒子,他便不會陷於不義。

孔子的結論是:「故當不義,則子不可以不諍於父,臣不可以不諍於君;故當不義,則諍之。從父之令,又焉得為孝乎!」即是說,若有不義,我們不可以不向父親提出來,臣子亦不可以不向君王提出來。有不義就要諍、要諫,光是聽話、順從,怎麼可以叫「孝」呢!

後來《大禮記》的「曾子侍父母」,就稱這種責善精神做「以正致諫」,所謂「從而不諫,非孝也」,即是說,若只順從而不懂得去諫,便不算得是孝子。而這種能諫諍父母的孝子,又叫做「諍子」。

在我們整個生活中,我們要注意的是正義,「當不義,則諍之」,有不義,就要諍,有不妥,就要諫;朋友有不對,就要責善。

當然,這一切都不應以自我為中心,不是說我覺得你不對,就罵你、指責你。而是我們每一個人都要用真理去光照自己,用信仰去判斷自己。

其實最後的判官,應該是我們的天主,是耶穌基督和他在聖經裡面的啟示。只有當我們活出信仰,時常按照真道而行的時候,我們才有資格去諫諍別人、諫諍父母。

慈愛的天父,請幫助我們時常按照你的話去生活,讓我們能彼此常用真理去互相規勸,努力活在真理的光輝中。

常年期第廿三主日

責善与谏诤之道

读经一:(厄33:7-9):要警告别人的错误行径
读经二:(罗13:8-10):爱是法律的满全
福 音:(玛18:15-20):兄弟规劝之道
中国文化: 故当不义,则子不可以不诤於父,臣不可以不诤於君,故当不义则诤之;从父之令,又焉得为孝乎! 责善,朋友之道。


如果你的弟兄得罪了你,你要趁你和他独处時,纠正他。如果他听从你,你便赚得了你的弟兄。」(玛18:15)

兄弟的规劝之道,要注意的是找寻適当的時机、適当的场合,坦诚地、谦虚地向他讲出你的心里话。圣经说的「独处時」,就是说不可在大庭广众中,让他丢脸。

厄则克耳先知也说:「上主说:人子,我现在立你做以色列家的警卫;你听了我所说的话,要代我警告他们。当我告诉恶人说:『恶人,你必会丧亡!』你若不发言,警告恶人離開他的邪道,那恶人必因自己的罪而丧亡,但是我要向你追讨他的血债。你若警告恶人,叫他離開他的邪道,而他不肯改邪归正,他必因自己的罪而丧亡,而你却救了自己。」(则33:7-9)

我们要负責我们兄弟姊妹的得救。如果我们不作声,不去警告,那他的丧亡,我们是要负責的。我们再不能够好像加音对天主说:「难道我是我兄弟的看守者?」

不错,我们都是我们兄弟的看守者,这是爱德的任务。保禄宗徒在罗马人书这样说:「弟兄们,除了彼此相爱外,不应对人有任何亏欠,因为谁爱别人,谁就履行了法律。其实『不可奸淫,不可杀人,不可偷盗,不可贪婪』等诫命,都包括在『爱你的近人如同你自己』这句话里。爱不作损害别人的事,所以,爱满全了法律。」(罗13:8-10)

在这段圣经里,我们也很清楚看到天主教信仰,已渐渐由只著重神,转到也著重人。

在圣经启示的发展過程中,首先强调的是爱天主。但当人問耶稣哪一条是第一条诫命時,耶稣就已经将人和神并列:「爱天主在万有之上、爱人如己」。人問他一条法律,他答了两条。在耶稣心中,这两条法律原本就是一条法律;或者说,这两条法律,只是一条法律的两面。

到了保禄宗徒的時代,他甚至只讲一句话,即所有诫命都包含在一条诫命里:「爱你的近人如同你自己」,而互相规劝,正是爱的一种形式。

孔子说:「責善,朋友之道」。这句话尤其值得我们中国人思考,因为中国文化特别强调含蓄,讲话比较喜欢转弯抹角。当我们要拒绝别人時,我们不会立刻拒绝,我们会讲一大堆理由,使人意会到我们在拒绝。

「責善」是更加尴尬的一回事,我们很难開口说出别人的错处。但圣经和中国文化都叫我们責善,「要趁你和他独处的時候」,选一個適合的情况和环境,去矫正他。

其实在中国文化里,不只朋友要互相責善,甚至子女对父母也要責善。在《孝经》 里,曾子問孔子:「老师,我想問一個問题:子女听从父母的命令,是不是就叫做孝呢?」

孔子的答覆是:「是何言予!是何言予!」你在讲些甚么呢?以往「天子有诤臣七人,虽无道不失其天下」,即是说,以前做王帝,如果有七個肯谏他的臣子,他虽无道,仍不会失天下。「诸侯有诤臣五人,虽无道不失其国」,诸侯如果有五個谏他的人,虽然做得不好,也不会亡国。「父有诤子,则身不陷於不义」,如果做父亲的,有一個能谏他的儿子,他便不会陷於不义。

孔子的结论是:「故当不义,则子不可以不诤於父,臣不可以不诤於君;故当不义,则诤之。从父之令,又焉得为孝乎!」即是说,若有不义,我们不可以不向父亲提出来,臣子亦不可以不向君王提出来。有不义就要诤、要谏,光是听话、顺从,怎么可以叫「孝」呢!

后来《大礼记》 的「曾子侍父母」,就称这种責善精神做「以正致谏」,所谓「从而不谏,非孝也」,即是说,若只顺从而不懂得去谏,便不算得是孝子。而这种能谏诤父母的孝子,又叫做「诤子」。

在我们整個生活中,我们要注意的是正义,「当不义,则诤之」,有不义,就要诤,有不妥,就要谏;朋友有不对,就要責善。

当然,这一切都不应以自我为中心,不是说我觉得你不对,就骂你、指責你。而是我们每一個人都要用真理去光照自己,用信仰去判断自己。

其实最后的判官,应該是我们的天主,是耶稣基督和他在圣经里面的启示。只有当我们活出信仰,時常按照真道而行的時候,我们才有资格去谏诤别人、谏诤父母。

慈爱的天父,请帮助我们時常按照你的话去生活,让我们能彼此常用真理去互相规劝,努力活在真理的光辉中。

TWENTY-THIRD SUNDAY IN ORDINARY TIME

Deaf to Heaven and Earth

First Reading ( Is 35:4-7 ): God's saving grace renews all things
Second Reading : ( James 2:1-5 ) : Do not show favoritism
Gospel : ( Mk 7:31-37 ) : Jesus cures a deaf -mute

Chinese classics:
-“The heart of mercy: everyone has one.”(1)
-“Long did I sigh and wipe away my tears, to see my people bowed by grief and fears.”(2)
-“One leaf can obstruct sight, two beans can block hearing; managing the body but not knowing the way, bound to be deaf to the heavens and earth.”(3)

“Jesus put his fingers into his ears, and he spat and touched his tongue. Then looking up to heaven, he sighed and said to him, ‘Ephphatha,’ that is, ‘Be opened.’ And immediately his ears were opened, his tongue was released, and he spoke plainly. They were astounded beyond measure, saying, ‘He has done everything well; he even makes the deaf to hear and the mute to speak.” (Mk 7: 33 – 37)

Usually Jesus spoke a word only and it was enough to cure a sick person. For example once when he cured a man with a withered hand, he just said, “Stretch out your hand!” and the man stretched it out and his hand was restored. ( See Mk 3:1-5)

This time Jesus used an external action, as putting his fingers into the man's ears. And he used material things, as saliva to touch the man's tongue. He also performed a special action –he looked up to heaven and sighed, then said the words, ‘ Be opened!’

This makes us think of the Sacraments. In the sacraments, Jesus is present in the priest who also uses a series of actions, words and external signs to arouse faith and hope in the participants. Then they can be better prepared to receive the graces our Lord bestows through the sacrament.

As the deaf-mute could not hear what Jesus said, the action of Jesus ‘looking up to heaven’ enabled him to see and feel more clearly that Jesus was praying for him and cared for him.

Looking up to heaven and ‘sighing’ showed Jesus' all-embracing compassion when he came in touch with human suffering. This is what is meant by “the heart of mercy: everyone has one;”(1) (The works of Mencius, Book II Gong-Sun Chou, Part I, Chap 8). The great poet QuYuan felt the same pity and compassion. “Long did I sigh and wipe away my tears, to see my people bowed by grief and fears.” (Li Sao)(2) How much more so the merciful and compassionate Jesus.

The steps Jesus took to cure the deaf-mute were consistent with psychological principles. Many people have speech difficulties because they have hearing problems: they cannot hear so naturally they cannot speak.

If we apply this principle to the problem of the ‘lay apostolate’, can we not say that if the faithful do not spread the gospel it is because they have been ‘deaf’ to it and so are ‘mute’ in preaching it? Think about it: if people have not heard the gospel how can they preach about it ? If what they have heard is unclear, incomplete or too vague, what can they preach? If they have not heard enough of the gospel or have too little experience, how are they able to cultivate sufficient zeal and motivation to preach it?

In preaching the gospel, that is, in evangelization, there is another point to heed and that is the content of our preaching. In the Tang dynasty Nie Yi Zhong wrote a little poem that is very apt: “One leaf can obstruct sight, two beans can block hearing. Managing the body but not knowing the way, we are bound to be deaf to the sky and earth.”(3) One leaf covering our eyes is enough to obstruct one's sight. Two small beans in the ears are enough to prevent one from hearing anything. But the real cause of deafness is not knowing ‘the ‘Way,’ that is, not understanding how to be persons of integrity. In other words, there are people who only know how to take care of physical life, but do not know how to care for their spiritual and moral life, or nurture a sense of cultural identity. Taking away the leaf or the beans will not necessarily provide an ability to see or hear, because if we do not know the ‘Way’, we will still be deaf persons.

The ‘Way’ is the content of our faith. The main point of faith is not what is taken away, but rather what is cultivated, what we receive and carry out in our lives. It is similar to planting. The main step is not pulling up the weeds, but rather what and how we plant the seed. Moreover, if we fear there are too many weeds, we must plant more seeds. For example, if we can plant a great variety of vegetables in the garden, will we not be able to lessen the weeds?

In the Catholic church we consider not only the sins we commit in thought, word or deed, but also the good deeds we should perform and do not.

A mother may sin if she does not direct and teach her children, a doctor may sin by being careless or failing to pursue further knowledge. These are sins of omission.

The Church fails to become localized or adopt the spirit of Vatican II; we fail to identify with one or other aspect of our three-fold identity as ‘Hong Kong person, Chinese person, Christian.’ Or we neglect to prepare well before teaching a class in doctrine, or we are so self-centered we forget or lack awareness to reach out to a despairing or lonely person. All these can be sinful. These are all elements an ideal world should have, the ‘Way’ in which the world can be filled with love.

Let us ask Jesus to open our ears so that we can hear his voice and his way of life. Thus our tongues will be loosened and we will be able to spread his Way.

(1)惻隱之心,人皆有之。
(2)長太息以掩涕兮,哀民生之多艱。
(3)一葉能蔽目,雙荳能塞聰;理身不知道,將為天地聾。

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徐錦堯@fr.luketsui.idv.hk 2024